Investing for Retirement

For many investors, creating a retirement portfolio can seem like an overwhelming task. Fortunately, the growth of the mutual fund industry and exchange-traded funds have provided individual investors with access to professional investment management. Financial advisors and professionally managed accounts within retirement plans expand the lineup of options available to help investors.

Now there is a new kid on the block fully capable of fundamentally changing the investing landscape: “robo-advisors.” But there are some important things to be aware of before you incorporate robo-advisors into your investment plans for retirement.

The term robo-advisors refers to automated investment platforms using algorithms to match you with investments based on your comfort with risk and your time horizon. These platforms are referred to by a variety of names such as automated investment advisors, online investment platforms, or digital advice platforms.

Online investment platforms, or robo-advisors, were initially launched in 2008 and have been offered to consumers on a much broader scale since 2010. Most robo-advisors use exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as their primary investment type. The portfolios generally include a mix of asset classes such as stocks and bonds. Other alternative asset classes such as real estate, natural resources, and commodities are also used by many of these platforms.

Despite the fact that these digital advisor platforms only manage a small percentage of overall investment assets in our country, they are growing rapidly and will continue to be a part of the retirement planning discussion for years to come. 

As is the case with any new investment, there is often a much-needed debate about the pros and cons of incorporating this type of platform into a diversified investment plan for retirement. 

Here are some of the advantages and disadvantages of using an online investment platform:

Pros

A Simplified Approach That Offers Easy Accessibility

Not surprisingly, the ease of online access is a core feature of online investment platforms. Many investors enjoy the ability to set up and fund an account easily using a computer or smartphone. After answering a series of introductory questions designed to assess your risk tolerance and goals for your investments, you’re presented with suggested portfolio allocations and an option to revise the allocations to assume more or less risk. Account information is readily available with 24/7 access, and performance updates are provided on demand.

This accessibility extends to the minimum assets required to set up an account, and robo-advisors are known for their low minimum investment amounts to get started. Some robo-advisors do not have any account minimums required, drastically lowering the entry point for potential investors. In comparison, many human registered investment advisors (RIAs) have higher account minimums, which could be $100,000 or more.

Efficient Investing 

The process of building a diversified investment portfolio is a significant advantage for robo-advisors. The account setup process usually takes minutes, and knowledgeable investors with a do-it-yourself mindset usually appreciate the ease of executing trades. Many financial advisors are adopting the use of automated investment platforms to improve the efficiency of their portfolio management services.

Instant Diversification 

One of the most important benefits of using an automated investment platform is the ability to invest in a diversified portfolio that is typically based on modern portfolio theory research. This approach focuses on your overall allocation to major asset classes such as stocks, bonds, and real estate. 

Access to Low-Cost Investments 

Online investment platforms generally provide a lower-cost alternative to traditional asset management firms. Without the additional expense of brick and mortar locations and with fewer human employees, robo-advisors typically perform similar investment services for a lower overall cost. The average fees usually range between 0.2% and 0.5% of total assets under management (AUM). Compared to a typical AUM fee of 1% to 1.5% charged by financial advisors, the lower fees could result in significant savings when compounded over time.

Tax-Loss Harvesting 

Many automated investment platforms offer tax-loss harvesting for taxable accounts. This is a process of offsetting capital gains through the sale of another investment to generate a loss. The tax-loss harvesting process has the potential to enhance after-tax returns. But tax-loss harvesting doesn’t necessarily help every investor. For example, investors in the 15% tax bracket are taxed at the 0% rate for capital gains.

Unbiased Investment Advice

Human financial advisors are subject to the same behavioral biases that can derail the investment plans of individual investors. In contrast, online investment platforms can help eliminate the potential for advisory firms to recommend their own products or let self-serving biases influence investment recommendations. 

Cons

Most Robo-Advisors Lack Personal Guidance 

While some hybrid advisors offer a robo-advisor with a human component, most automated investment platforms do not provide access to Certified Financial Planner professionals. If that’s important to you, find out if the robo-advisor offers access to a human advisor through phone, email, online or video chats. With financial knowledge at such low levels in our country, robo-advisors assume their clients have a well-defined set of financial life goals.

Investment Advice Is Only One Component of a Financial Plan 

Preparing for retirement is the most common financial goal and the primary reason why people invest in the first place. However, if you have other financial goals such as saving for your child’s college education, paying off debt, or investing in a beach cottage, your investments need to be structured differently based on those goals. So far there aren’t any robo-advisors that can adequately assess whether it makes sense to save for emergencies, pay down debt, or invest for long-term goals such as retirement.

Automation Does Not Eliminate Irrational Decision-Making 

Online investment platforms may help people create automated investment plans, but as mentioned above, artificial intelligence cannot currently replace financial planning guidance. Behavioral finance experts frequently point out that the human condition makes it difficult for us to make rational financial decisions consistently. While automation of the investment process is made easier through digital advice platforms, these robo-advisors do not eliminate the possibility that you will make an emotional decision with your investments.

Many Platforms Lack Intuitive Risk Tolerance Assessments

The process of determining an investor’s tolerance for risk is based on scientific principles and research. For many, the types of questions asked require at least a fundamental level of financial knowledge to relate the questions to real-life scenarios correctly. Most automated investment platforms use a brief online questionnaire to assess risk tolerance and goals. 

However, there are multiple components of risk involved with the investment process, and no single risk measurement tool exists that can claim 100% accuracy in assessing risk. As such, many financial planners and investment professionals would agree that a more in-depth discussion is needed to capture your risk tolerance as an investor fully.

Not All Offer Guidance on Earning Income Through Drawdown

The main purpose of saving for retirement is actually to be able to use those funds during retirement. While robo-advisors are most popular among millennials and Generation X, there is a growing interest among baby boomers as well. However, as Boomers enter the distribution phase, it is important to use a drawdown strategy that is both tax-smart and focused on maximizing income. Retirees have to be cautious when choosing a robo-advisor because some digital advice firms provide this type of guidance while others do not.

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